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Disinfection

Disinfection Technologies

Click on these links to go directly to descriptions about: BIOFILTRATION, OZONE , MICROFILTRATION, ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, CHLORINATION, DISTILLATION, REVERSE OSMOSIS,

Disinfection technologies kill or screen-out biological contaminants present in a water supply.

Chlorination, microfiltration, ozone, and ultraviolet light are the four major technologies used to disinfect water.

Treating water is a hierarchy of needs approach and certain conditions must be resolved or removed before other conditions can be solved.

Water must be clean before any type of disinfection is used. Bacteria, viruses, cysts and other pathogens will "hide" behind dirt particles.

As an example: If treating bacteriological unsafe water with chlorine or ozone, the suspended matter must be removed before the chlorine or ozone is added.

Disinfecting technologies will oxidize any iron, manganese and discoloration in the water before any pathogens are killed.

However, in the case of UV treatment, the suspended matter; iron, discoloration, calcium (hardness) and other conditions must be met before the UV light can properly do its job.

Microfiltration will require filtration to be done in stages to ensure that the microfilter is not clogged with large particles.

NOTE: The RO system is not typically used to treat pathogens but is used for chemical contaminants.

Bio Filtration:

There is no other technology on the planet that can treat water as simply and as effectively as Biofiltration.

Biofiltration is the single most effective water treatment technology on the planet. The water treated through a Mainstream biofilter allows farms, livestock operations, acreage and other water users to enjoy the same (or better) water quality as city municipal systems.

If you enjoy the rural lifestyle but you're tired of hauling drinking water or picking up bottled water, welcome to the world of biofiltration.

Biofilters are evolutionary, not revolutionary. They have been in continuous use since the time of the Romans. Today, many European cities use biofilters for their many advantages.

Chlorination:

Chlorination adds a concentration of the chemical chlorine or chloramine to the water supply, where its oxidizing ability ''burns up'' organic contaminants in the water.
Chlorine can effectively treat biological pathogens like coliform bacteria and legionella. Chlorination also treats for organically related taste, color, and odor problems.

Chlorine is typically fed into the water and then has to be have a contact time of 20 minutes in a retention tank where concentration and contact time can be controlled. These tanks have to be properly sized for water usage and flow ability.
However, chlorine is ineffective against hard-shelled cysts like those produced by Cryptosporidium.
Other chemicals like bromine and iodine can also be used to disinfect water through much the same process as chlorination, though they are not as frequently used.

Microfiltration:

Microfiltration uses a filter media with a pore size smaller than 0.2 microns to physically prevent biological contamination from passing through. Ceramic and solid block carbons are commonly used to provide microfiltration.

Ceramic filters have an advantage that they can often be cleaned and reused a number of times before they lose effectiveness.

Carbon block media usually has to be disposed of after each use. This media, however, provides additional treatment for a variety of other health and aesthetic contaminants (see activated carbon section above). Microfiltration is effective for treating the full range of biological contaminants, including hard-shelled cysts like Cryptosporidium.

Ozone:

The word "Ozone" comes from the ancient Hebrew, meaning "Breath of the Gods". Ozone is made from Oxygen (O2) which is converted to Ozone (O3) by an Ozone Generator.

Ozone treatment has typically been used in large-scale commercial and industrial applications. However, there has been a rise in the number of ozone units designed for use in a single home or business applications.

Ozone treatment oxidizes organic contaminants in much the same way that chlorine does. An ozone generator converts the oxygen found in air to O3, or ozone. As with chlorination, proper concentrations and contact time is essential for disinfection.
Ozone usually requires the use of a retention tank to accomplish this, and can be used to provide partial treatment in pools.

Ozone is effective for treating pathogens like coliform bacteria and legionella, but it is not effective against hard-shelled cysts like Cryptosporidium or Giardia lamblia without using high contact times and concentrations.

Ultraviolet Light (UV):

Ultraviolet light has treated water since the beginning of time through natural sunlight. Modern ultraviolet treatment units use a UV bulb in a clear quartz or plexi-glass housing, around which flows the untreated water.

The UV light destroys the genetic material of pathogens like coliform bacteria and legionella, which effectively neutralizes them by preventing them from reproducing. UV recently has been recognized to be effective against certain hard-shelled cysts.

Distillation:

Distillation produces high quality, treated water by heating the raw water until it turns to steam. The steam travels through a condensation coil, where it is cooled and condensed back into liquid form in a separate section.

Typically, the contaminants present when the water is converted to steam remain in the boiler section, with the condensed water in the second section being substantially free of contaminants. Maintenance of a distillation unit usually involves cleaning out the built-up contaminants on the boiler side of the unit.

Distillation typically provides a high degree of effectiveness against a broad range of health contaminants. Distillation is typically not effective for treating contaminants such as benzene and radon, which give off harmful vapors that can move through the system with the steam.

The energy requirement of distillation and a relatively long production time typically limits its use to drinking water applications in home and commercial markets. Some distillation units are also tested and approved for the reduction of biological pathogens.

Reverse Osmosis:

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a common treatment technology that produces high quality water. The process works by forcing water under great pressure against a semipermeable membrane, where ion exclusion occurs. With ion exclusion, water molecules form a barrier that allows other water molecules to pass through while excluding most contaminants.

Typical contaminant rejection rates range from 85% to 95%, and a gallon of highly treated water can usually be produced from two to four gallons of raw water, depending on the initial quality of the water. Maintenance involves the replacement of the RO membrane cartridge every two or three years, and depending on the quality of water the sediment and carbon filter cartridges will vary.RO is effective for the reduction of a broad range of health and aesthetic contaminants, though it is typically not used for the reduction of biological pathogens.

RO should also incorporate an activated carbon filter, which can provide added treatment for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) not treated by the membrane itself.

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		Printer Version Disinfection Disinfection Technologies Click on these links to go directly to descriptions about: BIOFILTRATION, OZONE , MICROFILTRATION, ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, CHLORINATION, DISTILLATION, REVERSE OSMOSIS, Disinfection technologies kill or screen-out biological contaminants present in a water supply. Chlorination, microfiltration, ozone, and ultraviolet light are the four major technologies used to disinfect water. Treating water is a hierarchy of needs approach and certain conditions must be resolved or removed before other conditions can be solved. Water must be clean before any type of disinfection is used. Bacteria, viruses, cysts and other pathogens will "hide" behind dirt particles. As an example: If treating bacteriological unsafe water with chlorine or ozone, the suspended matter *must be removed before* the chlorine or ozone is added. Disinfecting technologies will oxidize any iron, manganese and discoloration in the water before any pathogens are killed. However, in the case of UV treatment, the suspended matter; iron, discoloration, calcium (hardness) and other conditions must be met before the UV light can properly do its job. Microfiltration will require filtration to be done in stages to ensure that the microfilter is not clogged with large particles. NOTE: The RO system is not typically used to treat pathogens but is used for chemical contaminants. Back To Top Bio Filtration: There is no other technology on the planet that can treat water as simply and as effectively as Biofiltration. Biofiltration is the single most effective water treatment technology on the planet. The water treated through a Mainstream biofilter allows farms, livestock operations, acreage and other water users to enjoy the same (or better) water quality as city municipal systems. If you enjoy the rural lifestyle but you're tired of hauling drinking water or picking up bottled water, welcome to the world of biofiltration. Biofilters are evolutionary, not revolutionary. They have been in continuous use since the time of the Romans. Today, many European cities use biofilters for their many advantages. Back To Top Chlorination: Chlorination adds a concentration of the chemical chlorine or chloramine to the water supply, where its oxidizing ability ''burns up'' organic contaminants in the water. Chlorine can effectively treat biological pathogens like coliform bacteria and legionella. Chlorination also treats for organically related taste, color, and odor problems. Chlorine is typically fed into the water and then has to be have a contact time of 20 minutes in a retention tank where concentration and contact time can be controlled. These tanks have to be properly sized for water usage and flow ability. However, chlorine is ineffective against hard-shelled cysts like those produced by Cryptosporidium. Other chemicals like bromine and iodine can also be used to disinfect water through much the same process as chlorination, though they are not as frequently used. Back To Top Microfiltration: Microfiltration uses a filter media with a pore size smaller than 0.2 microns to physically prevent biological contamination from passing through. Ceramic and solid block carbons are commonly used to provide microfiltration. Ceramic filters have an advantage that they can often be cleaned and reused a number of times before they lose effectiveness. Carbon block media usually has to be disposed of after each use. This media, however, provides additional treatment for a variety of other health and aesthetic contaminants (see activated carbon section above). Microfiltration is effective for treating the full range of biological contaminants, including hard-shelled cysts like Cryptosporidium. Back To Top Ozone: The word "Ozone" comes from the ancient Hebrew, meaning "Breath of the Gods". Ozone is made from Oxygen (O2) which is converted to Ozone (O3) by an Ozone Generator. Ozone treatment has typically been used in large-scale commercial and industrial applications. However, there has been a rise in the number of ozone units designed for use in a single home or business applications. Ozone treatment oxidizes organic contaminants in much the same way that chlorine does. An ozone generator converts the oxygen found in air to O3, or ozone. As with chlorination, proper concentrations and contact time is essential for disinfection. Ozone usually requires the use of a retention tank to accomplish this, and can be used to provide partial treatment in pools. Ozone is effective for treating pathogens like coliform bacteria and legionella, but it is not effective against hard-shelled cysts like Cryptosporidium or Giardia lamblia without using high contact times and concentrations. Back To Top Ultraviolet Light (UV): Ultraviolet light has treated water since the beginning of time through natural sunlight. Modern ultraviolet treatment units use a UV bulb in a clear quartz or plexi-glass housing, around which flows the untreated water. The UV light destroys the genetic material of pathogens like coliform bacteria and legionella, which effectively neutralizes them by preventing them from reproducing. UV recently has been recognized to be effective against certain hard-shelled cysts. Back To Top Distillation: Distillation produces high quality, treated water by heating the raw water until it turns to steam. The steam travels through a condensation coil, where it is cooled and condensed back into liquid form in a separate section. Typically, the contaminants present when the water is converted to steam remain in the boiler section, with the condensed water in the second section being substantially free of contaminants. Maintenance of a distillation unit usually involves cleaning out the built-up contaminants on the boiler side of the unit. Distillation typically provides a high degree of effectiveness against a broad range of health contaminants. Distillation is typically not effective for treating contaminants such as benzene and radon, which give off harmful vapors that can move through the system with the steam. The energy requirement of distillation and a relatively long production time typically limits its use to drinking water applications in home and commercial markets. Some distillation units are also tested and approved for the reduction of biological pathogens. Back To Top Reverse Osmosis: Reverse osmosis (RO) is a common treatment technology that produces high quality water. The process works by forcing water under great pressure against a semipermeable membrane, where ion exclusion occurs. With ion exclusion, water molecules form a barrier that allows other water molecules to pass through while excluding most contaminants. Typical contaminant rejection rates range from 85% to 95%, and a gallon of highly treated water can usually be produced from two to four gallons of raw water, depending on the initial quality of the water. Maintenance involves the replacement of the RO membrane cartridge every two or three years, and depending on the quality of water the sediment and carbon filter cartridges will vary.RO is effective for the reduction of a broad range of health and aesthetic contaminants, though it is typically not used for the reduction of biological pathogens. RO should also incorporate an activated carbon filter, which can provide added treatment for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) not treated by the membrane itself. Back To Top

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